Shrinkage means the reduction of volume of a material or workpieces. It happens when drying or cooling off, as well as during sintering/firing processes without application of pressure.
Spalling on the heating elements
Spalling often occurs in reducing atmospheres. This is caused by the fact that the heating elements cannot form a new protective SiO2 layer. You have two solutions, if you notice that phenomena:
1) A regeneration firing in oxidizing atmosphere at temperature of 1450°C for several hours without a product inside the furnace;
2) You will use an element with a thicker protective SiO2
We would be glad to advise you on both solutions.
Surface load
One of the most important indices for dimensioning electric heating elements is the surface load or area-related performance. The surface load is indicated in Watt per cm2. It measures stress and service life of a heating element.
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